A SURVEY ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL AND PUBLIC CONSEQUENCES OF ELECTRONIC WASTE DISPOSAL IN CAMEROON

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

In the 1970s and 1980s, developed nations began exporting dangerous and electronic trash to countries with lower and moderate incomes (Bakhiyi et al., 2018). Approximately 250,000 to 1.3 million tonnes of electronic garbage, also known as e-waste, have been exported from Europe mostly to the developing countries of Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia (Masud et al., 2019). In addition, the per capita e-waste output in lower- and middle-income nations has surged due to the rapid expansion of cellular and internet networks. Political agendas, such as the Digitalisation of Cameroon, can sometimes serve as a driving force behind the development of electronic trash in a country (Aich et al., 2020). Consequently, the present pace at which electronic trash is being produced globally has risen to around 72 million tonnes, marking a 33% increase compared to the previous decade (Kordas, 2017). The ongoing progress in science and technology enables us to live comfortably, but it also imposes negative effects on the environment, such as pollution, and on human populations, such as health issues. Electronic and electrical equipment, while providing convenience in our daily lives, can become a source of environmental and health risks if not properly processed. This is particularly true when e-waste is handled in hazardous and inefficient settings, as highlighted by Masud et al. (2019). Individuals working in the e-waste recycling industry experienced a significant prevalence of skin damage, headaches, vertigo, nausea, chronic gastritis, and gastroduodenal ulcers (Yang et al., 2022). A study conducted by Peng et al. (2017) found that over 70% of children have blood lead levels exceeding 10 μg/dL. Additionally, neonates were shown to have elevated amounts of hazardous compounds such as Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni, and PBDEs in both their blood and placenta.

E-waste disposal not only poses a risk to human health but also has a significant influence on the environment. The presence of this substance can pollute agricultural soil, leading to a decrease in yearly crop yield, or it can degrade both surface and subterranean water systems (Schluep et al., 2019). In addition, the presence of ship breaking enterprises is significantly exacerbating the issue of e-waste generation and recycling challenges (Aich et al., 2020). The exponential increase in electronic trash, coupled with inadequate oversight and regulation, as well as the absence of safeguards for workers, is leading to significant environmental and health risks associated with e-waste in Cameroon. Surprisingly, there has been a lack of comprehensive research conducted in Cameroon to quantify the environmental and health risks associated with e-waste. This study provides an overview of estimating the environmental and public effects of e-waste disposal in the given context. 

E-waste refers to appliances that are no longer working or have flaws at the end of their life or when they are disposed. Presently, there is a substantial increase in e-waste worldwide, which is a cause for great concern due to its detrimental impact on the environment. Annually, around 20 to 50 million metric tonnes of electronic garbage (e-waste) is generated worldwide. The majority, around 75 to 80%, is transported to developing nations, primarily Africa and Asia, for the purposes of recycling and disposal [9]. China and India are the primary recipients of electronic garbage. In addition to Pakistan, Ghana, Bangladesh, Nigeria, Kenya, and Cameroon are all countries that import e-waste (Garlapati et al., 2017). According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), the global production of electronic trash (e-waste) is growing each year at a pace of 5 to 10%. This is mostly due to the high frequency of acquiring superfluous electronic and electrical equipment (EEE) goods, as well as the short lifespan of these devices (De Souza et al., 2017). In recent decades, electronic garbage (e-waste) has become a major cause for worry in both wealthy and poor countries worldwide. 

Burning e-waste for disposal emits a range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including benzo[b]fluoranthene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene, and other similar compounds. In addition, it releases polyhalogenated dibenzodioxins (PHDDs), such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), and polyhalogenated dibenzofurans (PHDFs), such as polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs). These chemicals are widely recognised for their high toxicity and ability to cause cancer (Wang & Tian, 2022). E-waste is distinguished by the inclusion of distinct elements such as lithium batteries, fire retardants, LCD monitors, and chip glass, which set it apart from other forms of waste and add to its intricacy and distinctiveness (Needhidassan, 2019; Lucier & Gareau, 2019; Ernst et al., 2023). Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) found in televisions and computer monitors frequently contain hazardous substances such as mercury, phosphorous, cadmium, barium, and lead. If these devices are not stored appropriately, these compounds have the potential to permeate the surrounding environment, as evidenced by Ladou et al. (2018). Therefore, it is imperative to closely monitor the storage of electronic waste that comprises cathode ray tubes (CRT) in order to promptly identify any possible leakage by utilising sensor methods (Songa & Lubanga, 2019). Cathode ray tubes (CRTs) are typically fitted with glass containing lead to provide protection against X-rays that are produced during the process of projecting the picture (Lecler et al., 2019). The glass has a carrying capacity of 1.6-3.2kg for lead, which, if discharged, can pose environmental hazards (Singh, Wang & Li, 2019). The detrimental characteristics of the CRT have led to its prohibition from being deposited in landfills in countries such as the United States, Japan, European Union member states, and other developed nations (Yu et al., 2019).

The management of electronic waste is impacted by multiple factors, including the potential hazards it presents, the available recycling technology, and the applicable rules (Balde et al., 2017; Abalansa et al., 2021). Developed countries have generally implemented complex and costly systems to handle electronic waste, motivated by their dedication to environmental conservation (Balde et al., 2017). However, in less developed countries, the dismantling of electrical devices usually takes place in the informal sector, where dangerous byproducts directly interact with humans, posing a health risk (Abalansa et al., 2021). The adverse impacts of electronic trash (e-waste) on human health and the environment, both in the short-term and long-term, should not be ignored (Lundgren, 2021). In numerous underdeveloped countries with inadequate infrastructure and limited resources to handle electronic waste, the majority of the material is discarded in open landfill sites. The local community in these places has limited knowledge of the dangerous characteristics of electronic garbage (e-waste) (Abalansa et al., 2021; Bhutta et al., 2021). To effectively tackle the challenges associated with e-waste, it is imperative to consider the technical aspects involved. However, in most cases, it is crucial to establish a set of laws, arrange the process of gathering information, handle the organisation of resources, and offer other necessary services before implementing a technology solution (Pedro et al., 2021).

Cameroon, along with numerous other nations, is witnessing a surge in electronic trash as a result of the escalating usage of electronic devices (Baldé et al., 2017). Nevertheless, the nation encounters significant obstacles in efficiently handling this trash. Improperly disposing of e-waste has significant dangers due to the presence of hazardous compounds such as lead, mercury, and cadmium in electronic devices. These substances can have harmful impacts on the environment and public health (Needhidassan, 2019; Lucier & Gareau, 2019; Ernst et al., 2023). In Cameroon, the management of electronic trash is frequently marked by informal and uncontrolled methods. E-waste is commonly disposed of in landfills or incinerated, resulting in significant environmental repercussions. E-waste can release harmful elements into the soil and water through a process called leaching, which can lead to contamination of nearby ecosystems and have negative impacts on plant and animal species. Incinerating electronic waste emits toxic substances into the atmosphere, hence exacerbating air pollution and contributing to the phenomenon of climate change (Zhu et al., 2020).

The ramifications of e-waste disposal on public health are significant and diverse. Exposure to toxic compounds included in electronic trash can result in a variety of health issues. Lead and mercury, which are classified as heavy metals, have been scientifically proven to induce brain harm, impair kidney function, and contribute to many severe health complications (Baldé et al., 2017). These dangers provide a particular vulnerability to children and pregnant women. The current strategy employed by Cameroon for managing e-waste is mainly inadequate. The nation lacks adequate rules and infrastructure for the appropriate disposal and recycling of electronic trash. Numerous e-waste management activities are conducted in an informal manner, lacking proper supervision or compliance with environmental and health regulations. The informal sector frequently engages in activities such as open burning and acid leaching, which have harmful effects on both human health and the environment (Ahmed et al., 2022). Efforts to tackle the e-waste issues in Cameroon are beginning to emerge, with several initiatives concentrating on enhancing public awareness, enhancing legal frameworks, and establishing recycling programs. Nevertheless, these endeavours encounter challenges such as inadequate financial resources, absence of specialised knowledge, and inadequate implementation of current legislation. Therefore, the necessity for doing this investigation arises. 

1.2 Statement of the problem

Electronic garbage, often known as e-waste, is a major environmental and public health concern on a global scale. Developing countries, such as Cameroon, are especially susceptible to the negative impacts of e-waste. The exponential proliferation of electronic gadgets, combined with insufficient disposal methods, has resulted in a mounting apprehension regarding the ecological and health ramifications of electronic trash.

The incorrect disposal of electronic waste in Cameroon poses significant environmental and public health risks. E-waste frequently gets disposed of in landfills or incinerated, both of which result in the release of toxic compounds including lead, mercury, and cadmium into the environment. These compounds have the ability to permeate into the soil and water, resulting in persistent ecological harm and the pollution of natural resources (Zhu et al., 2020). In Cameroon, the informal sector plays a significant role in managing e-waste. However, this sector often lacks the required infrastructure and skills to handle this material securely. As a result, dangerous techniques are employed, which worsen environmental deterioration (Nriagu, 2018). Public health concerns are of utmost importance, since being exposed to hazardous elements of electronic trash can result in severe health problems. Research has demonstrated that people residing in close proximity to unregulated e-waste recycling facilities have a heightened danger of being exposed to toxic heavy metals and other harmful compounds. This exposure can result in neurological impairments, respiratory complications, and several other health ailments (Baldé et al., 2017). The hazards are further exacerbated by the lack of sufficient preventative measures and health monitoring (Garlough et al., 2022).

However, there is a notable lack of thorough data and analysis addressing the complete scope of the environmental and public health impacts of e-waste in Cameroon, despite the urgency of these issues. Current research frequently lacks comprehensive regional analyses or concentrates on wider topics without considering the specific circumstances of Cameroon (Kan et al., 2023). In addition, although there are a few nascent projects focused on enhancing e-waste management, they encounter several obstacles such as scarce resources and difficulties in enforcement (Kumar et al., 2021). This study seeks to address this deficiency by conducting a comprehensive examination of the ecological and public health impacts associated with the disposal of electronic waste in Cameroon. 

Objectives of the study

The primary objective of this study is to critically investigate the Environmental and Public Consequences of Electronic Waste Disposal in Cameroon. Specific objectives of this study are to:

To evaluate the Environmental and Public impacts of improper Electronic Waste Disposal in Cameroon

To examine the effects of e-waste disposal on soil, water, and air quality in Cameroon

To analyze the health risks associated with exposure to e-waste components in Cameroon

To identify the barriers faced in the management of e-waste in Cameroon

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions which are in line with the objectives of this study will be answered in this study:

What are the Environmental and Public impacts of improper Electronic Waste Disposal in Cameroon?

What are the effects of e-waste disposal on soil, water, and air quality in Cameroon?

What are the health risks associated with exposure to e-waste components in Cameroon?

What are the barriers faced in the management of e-waste in Cameroon?

1.5 Research Hypotheses

To determine the effectiveness of this study, the following research null hypotheses will be formulated to guide the study and it will be tested at 0.05% levels of significance.:

Ho: Improper e-waste management has no significant impact on the environment and public health in Cameroon.

Ha: Improper e-waste management has significant impact on the environment and public health in Cameroon.

1.6 Significance of the study

This study is important because it offers crucial insights into the environmental and societal impacts of e-waste disposal in Cameroon. The results of the study will provide valuable insights for improving management practices, strengthening policy frameworks, and eventually promoting a healthier environment and better public health in the region.

The study will include a comprehensive examination of the environmental and public health impacts of e-waste disposal. It will provide essential data and insights that can assist policymakers in formulating more efficient rules and policies. Enhanced regulatory frameworks will be essential for effectively managing e-waste in a more sustainable manner and safeguarding both the environment and public health. Implementing enhanced policies can result in more stringent measures for managing the disposal of electronic waste, improved enforcement of legislation, and the formation of official programs for recycling e-waste.

Furthermore, the study's emphasis on environmental implications will aid in quantifying the magnitude of soil and water pollution resulting from electronic trash. Gaining a comprehensive understanding of these effects will be crucial for formulating measures to reduce environmental harm and encourage the adoption of more sustainable waste disposal methods. Implementing efficient environmental conservation strategies helps mitigate pollution, save indigenous ecosystems, and conserve valuable natural resources.

Moreover, through evaluating the health hazards linked to e-waste exposure, the research will emphasise the possible perils to communities, specifically susceptible populations like youngsters and pregnant women. This will be crucial for disseminating public health initiatives and raising awareness through campaigns. Targeted health treatments, heightened knowledge, and improved management practices that minimise exposure to hazardous substances can lead to enhanced public health outcomes.

Moreover, the study will assess the existing methods of managing electronic trash and pinpoint any deficiencies and obstacles. This information is vital for enhancing the efficiency and efficacy of e-waste management systems in Cameroon. Enhanced e-waste management procedures can result in improved recycling rates, less environmental effect, and more conscientious disposal of electronic items.

Moreover, through an examination of the extent of public knowledge and awareness regarding e-waste, the research will assist in pinpointing certain locations that require concentrated educational initiatives. This can result in the implementation of more efficient awareness campaigns and instructional activities. Enhanced public consciousness can promote conscientious e-waste disposal practices and cultivate community engagement in e-waste management endeavours.

Additionally, this study will enhance the existing information on e-waste management in poor nations, establishing a basis for future research in this field. It will identify and emphasise particular problems and areas of research that require additional investigation. Subsequent investigations can expand upon the discoveries of this study to tackle unsettled matters, create inventive remedies, and improve the comprehensive comprehension of e-waste management difficulties and possibilities.

1.7 Scope of the study

Broadly, this study focus is to critically investigate the Environmental and Public Consequences of Electronic Waste Disposal in Cameroon. Specifically, this study seeks to evaluate the Environmental and Public impacts of improper Electronic Waste Disposal in Cameroon and examine the effects of e-waste disposal on soil, water, and air quality in Cameroon. 

Further, this study will focus on analyzing the health risks associated with exposure to e-waste components in Cameroon and it also seeks to identify the barriers faced in the management of e-waste in Cameroon.

 The study is carried out in Cameroon. 

1.8 Limitations of the study

During the examination, the researchers observed specific limitations that are intrinsic to all human actions. The primary constraint was the dearth of comprehensive literature on the topic, stemming from the paucity of data on a survey on the environmental and public consequences of electronic waste disposal in Cameroon. Hence, a substantial investment of time and effort was required to ascertain the suitable materials, books, or information and collect data. 

Moreover, this study is limited by its limited sample size and restricted geographical coverage, principally centered on Cameroon. Hence, the ability to apply the conclusions of this study to a wider context is limited, emphasizing the necessity for additional research. 

Furthermore, the researcher's restrictions were predominantly a result of financial restraints, as they are a student who lacks the necessary financial resources to support themselves. The excessively high transportation fees at the study site presented a difficulty in fulfilling the financial responsibilities associated with transportation costs.

In addition, the researcher encountered a time limitation as a result of the necessity to do this research while concurrently completing the responsibilities of attending lectures and engaging in other educational endeavors.

1.9 Definition of terms

E-waste: E-waste (electronic waste) includes anything with plugs, cords and electronic components. Common sources of e-waste include televisions, computers, mobile phones and any type of home appliance, from air conditioners to children's toys. Piles of mixed electronic waste.

E-waste management: E-waste management refers to properly disposing and managing electronic waste, including old or discarded electronic gadgets such as phones, computers, and televisions. The process involves the collection, transportation, recycling, refurbishing, and disposal of electronic waste in an environmentally-friendly manner.

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