AN EXAMINATION OF THE LEVEL OF AWARENESS ON INDISCRIMINATE DUMPING OF SOLID WASTE AMONG STUDENTS OF CAMEROONIAN UNIVERSITIES

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1. Background of the study

Across the globe, solid waste predominantly arises from human and animal activities in daily life, frequently produced by agriculture, industry, households, construction, mining, and various forms of resource utilisation. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (2018) defines solid waste as any garbage or refuse, including sludge from wastewater treatment plants, water supply treatment plants, or air pollution control facilities, along with other discarded materials generated from industrial, commercial, mining, and agricultural operations, as well as from community activities.

The waste management sector encounters a variety of challenges on a global scale. Significant quantities of municipal and industrial waste are generated each day across the globe due to human activities. Approximately 3.4 to 4 billion tonnes of municipal and industrial solid waste, along with nearly 300 million tonnes of hazardous waste, are generated each year on a global scale (Kale, 2018). With the rising volume and complexity of solid waste, the associated environmental risks intensify. These risks encompass threats to human health, degradation of ecosystems, contamination of soils and water, alongside issues such as greenhouse gas emissions, global warming, and climate change (United Nations Environmental Programme, 2018). The risks are particularly pronounced in developing nations, where there is a higher consumption of industrial materials and a greater prevalence of outdated and obsolete technological products compared to their developed counterparts. This phenomenon can be attributed, in part, to the exportation of waste materials to developing nations, including items like used refrigerators, hazardous industrial byproducts, second-hand clothing, automobiles, and footwear, among others.

Solid waste encompasses all forms of garbage, refuse, sludge, and other discarded materials, which may include solid, semi-solid, or contained gaseous substances. These materials arise from various sources such as industrial, commercial, agricultural operations, and community activities (New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, 2015). Solid wastes comprise various materials upon disposal, including paper bags, polythene bags, bottles, agricultural solid waste such as tomato peels, cabbage, sugar cane and yam peels, waste tyres, scrap metal, latex paint, furniture and toys, garbage, appliances and vehicles, oil and anti-freeze, empty aerosol cans, compressed gas cylinders, construction and demolition debris and asbestos. Consequently, solid waste can be characterised as non-liquid and non-gaseous refuse, garbage, or sludge resulting from human activities, considered to be without value.

In recent years, the indiscriminate dumping of solid waste has become a significant environmental concern in Cameroon, especially in urban areas where the swift increase in population and industrial activities has surpassed the existing waste management systems. This phenomenon is marked by the inappropriate disposal of waste materials in locations not sanctioned for such purposes, resulting in considerable risks to public health and detrimental effects on the environment.

Recent studies have underscored the significant consequences of inadequate waste management practices on public health across several cities in Cameroon. A study carried out in Mamfe demonstrated a significant relationship between the practice of open waste dumping and the occurrence of diseases like malaria, diarrhoea, and bilharzia (Tende & Ashu-agboko, 2020). The findings revealed that insufficient waste disposal facilities and the absence of effective waste management strategies have intensified health problems in communities. Moreover, the results indicated that a considerable segment of the population lacks awareness regarding the health hazards linked to improper waste disposal. This highlights the necessity for educational initiatives designed to enhance understanding among youth, especially those in academic settings, who will ultimately shape the future of our society.

The scenario in Limbe presents yet another relevant illustration. An in-depth examination of municipal solid waste management practices in this municipality has shown that indiscriminate disposal is widespread, primarily due to inadequate infrastructure for waste collection and a deficiency in public education regarding appropriate disposal methods (Ngale Ewoko, 2010). The research highlighted that numerous residents engage in illegal dumping due to insufficient access to proper waste disposal facilities. This conduct not only exacerbates environmental degradation but also presents significant health hazards to local inhabitants, including exposure to detrimental pathogens and toxins.

Furthermore, the process of urbanisation in Cameroon has resulted in a rise in waste generation, particularly affecting low-income neighbourhoods that frequently suffer from insufficient waste management services. Studies show that these areas produce a higher volume of biodegradable waste than more affluent regions, but they do not possess the required infrastructure for efficient waste management (Tende & Ashu-agboko, 2020). As a result, individuals from these communities may possess direct insights into the repercussions of inadequate waste management practices, potentially shaping their awareness and perspectives on indiscriminate dumping.

The significance of educational institutions in advancing sustainable solid waste management practices is paramount. Higher education institutions play a crucial role in influencing the perspectives and actions of emerging adults concerning environmental matters. Nonetheless, research indicates that there frequently exists a disparity between theoretical understanding of environmental sustainability and its practical implementation among learners (Ngale, 2018). A considerable number of students might have an understanding of environmental issues yet may not be fully informed about particular local practices, such as indiscriminate dumping. This disconnect underscores the necessity of incorporating practical waste management education into higher education programs.

Moreover, initiatives rooted in the community and non-governmental organisations have been recognised as essential contributors to increasing awareness regarding waste management challenges (Tende & Ashu-agboko, 2020). These organisations frequently involve students in workshops, campaigns, and volunteer opportunities that highlight the significance of appropriate waste disposal and its effects on health and the environment. Engaging students in these initiatives allows institutions to cultivate a sense of responsibility and promote proactive behaviour regarding sustainable waste management.

Although there have been initiatives aimed at enhancing students' understanding of waste management practices, obstacles persist. A study carried out in Yaoundé II revealed that a significant number of participants perceived the existing policies and institutions tasked with solid waste management as ineffective (Nkwemoh et al., 2019). This viewpoint might arise from an absence of noticeable advancements in their neighbourhoods or inadequate communication from officials regarding the resources accessible for effective waste management. Thus, improving communication strategies is crucial for raising awareness and promoting community involvement in solid waste management.

1. 1. Statement of the problem

The issue of indiscriminate dumping of solid waste presents a significant environmental challenge in Cameroon, especially within the university student demographic. The situation is further complicated by swift urban development, increasing population numbers, and insufficient waste management practices. Despite the growing recognition of environmental concerns worldwide, a notable disparity persists in the understanding of appropriate waste disposal methods among university students in Cameroon. The absence of awareness presents a significant risk, impacting both the environment and public health, since inadequate waste management can result in numerous health dangers.

In numerous urban regions of Cameroon, the issue of careless waste disposal is widespread, as the existing infrastructure for waste management frequently falls short in addressing the increasing amounts of waste produced by burgeoning populations. Samba and Kuma (2020) assert that the practice of indiscriminate dumping has resulted in what they describe as "environmental leprosy," characterised by urban landscapes disfigured by piles of uncollected waste that draw pests and exacerbate pollution (Samba & Kuma, 2020). This situation is reflected in other urban areas such as Mamfe, where inadequate waste management has led to disarray and has been associated with the proliferation of diseases like malaria and diarrhoea (Tende & Etchi, 2020). The relationship between waste disposal practices and health outcomes highlights the pressing necessity for educational initiatives focused on enhancing awareness among students.

University students are frequently regarded as the leaders and change-makers of tomorrow; thus, their comprehension of environmental issues is essential for promoting sustainable practices. Nevertheless, research suggests that a significant number of students lack sufficient awareness regarding the consequences of their waste disposal practices. The absence of organised educational initiatives regarding environmental management in university programs plays a significant role in this knowledge gap (Nkwemoh, 2019). Moreover, in spite of the initiatives undertaken by the Cameroonian government to create a legal structure for waste management, the execution has been uneven, resulting in ongoing public disregard for proper waste disposal (Zhu et al., 2018).

The perspectives and actions of students regarding waste disposal are shaped by a range of factors, such as socio-economic status, cultural beliefs, and the influence of peers. In numerous instances, learners might partake in careless disposal practices owing to insufficient access to waste management options or a lack of awareness regarding the ecological impacts of their behaviours. Studies indicate that engagement with the community and educational initiatives can greatly enhance waste management practices (Tende & Etchi, 2020). Consequently, it is essential for higher education institutions to engage proactively in fostering understanding regarding appropriate waste disposal practices.

Furthermore, the psychological dimension of environmental consciousness must not be disregarded. Numerous learners might experience a sense of detachment regarding the consequences of their behaviours on the ecosystem. This disconnection may result in a lack of engagement with effective waste management practices. It is essential for educational institutions to foster an environment in which students grasp their responsibilities in sustainable development and acknowledge that their decisions directly impact their environment. Involving students in practical initiatives like clean-up campaigns or recycling programs can deepen their understanding and cultivate a sense of responsibility regarding waste management.

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The primary objective of this study is to examine the Level of Awareness on Indiscriminate Dumping of Solid Waste Among Students of Cameroonian Universities. Specifically the study seeks:

1. To assess the level of awareness of university students in Cameroon regarding the environmental of indiscriminate dumping of solid waste.

2. To examine the knowledge of Cameroonian university students about the health impacts of indiscriminate dumping of solid waste.

3. To investigate the attitudes of university students towards the practice of indiscriminate dumping of solid waste in their campuses.

4. To evaluate the role of university institutions in promoting awareness on proper waste disposal practices among students in Cameroon.

1.4 Research Questions

The following research questions will be answered in this study:

1. What is the level of awareness of university students in Cameroon regarding the environmental of indiscriminate dumping of solid waste?

2. What is the knowledge of Cameroonian university students about the health impacts of indiscriminate dumping of solid waste?

3. What are the attitudes of university students towards the practice of indiscriminate dumping of solid waste in their campuses?

4. What are the roles of university institutions in promoting awareness on proper waste disposal practices among students in Cameroon?

1.5 Research Hypothesis

The stated hypothesis will validate this study:

Ho1: The level of awareness on indiscriminate dumping of solid waste among students of Cameroonian universities is low.

Ha1: The level of awareness on indiscriminate dumping of solid waste among students of Cameroonian universities is high.

1.6 Significance of the study

One of the primary reasons for the significance of this study is its potential to inform educational curricula and initiatives. Students are often at the forefront of societal changes, and their awareness and actions regarding environmental issues such as waste management can significantly influence their families, communities, and future workplaces. By gauging the level of understanding about indiscriminate waste disposal, the study can highlight gaps in current environmental education, helping policymakers and educators design more targeted programs to address these gaps.

Moreover, the study can emphasize the long-term environmental and public health implications of improper waste disposal, which is often linked to pollution, the spread of diseases, and the degradation of natural resources. By highlighting how students perceive the consequences of waste mismanagement, the research can underscore the need for more robust waste management infrastructure and community-based solutions.

Another critical aspect of the study's significance lies in its potential to assess the role of media, social platforms, and community engagement in raising awareness about solid waste disposal. In an era where information dissemination is rapid and far-reaching, understanding how students engage with and respond to information on waste management can provide valuable insights into the effectiveness of current communication strategies.

1.7 Scope of the study

The study examines the level of awareness on indiscriminate dumping of solid waste among students of Cameroonian universities. Empirically, this study assesses the level of awareness of university students in Cameroon regarding the environmental of indiscriminate dumping of solid waste, the knowledge of Cameroonian university students about the health impacts of indiscriminate dumping of solid waste, the attitudes of university students towards the practice of indiscriminate dumping of solid waste in their campuses and the role of university institutions in promoting awareness on proper waste disposal practices among students.

1.8 Limitation of the study

Like in every human endeavour, the researchers encountered slight constraints while carrying out the study. The significant constraint was the scanty literature on the subject owing that it is a new discourse thus the researcher incurred more financial expenses and much time was required in sourcing for the relevant materials, literature, or information and in the process of data collection, which is why the researcher resorted to a limited choice of sample size. Additionally, the researcher will simultaneously engage in this study with other academic work. However in spite of the constraint all these constraint were downplayed to give the best.

1.9 Definition of terms

Solid waste: Solid waste refers to any non-liquid waste material that is discarded by individuals, businesses, or industries. It includes items like food scraps, packaging, paper, plastics, metals, glass, and other discarded materials that are not biodegradable or recyclable in their current form. Solid waste can be generated from households, commercial establishments, industrial processes, or agricultural activities.

Waste disposal: Waste disposal is the process of collecting, transporting, treating, and discarding waste materials in a safe and environmentally responsible manner. It aims to manage waste effectively to minimize its impact on human health and the environment.

Indiscriminate dumping: Indiscriminate dumping of waste refers to the careless and uncontrolled disposal of waste materials in unauthorized or unsuitable locations, such as streets, open fields, rivers, or vacant lots, without regard for environmental, health, or legal consequences.

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